Brushless electric motor (
BLDC motors) are synchronous motors that are powered by a DC electric source via an integrated inverter/switching power supply, which produces an AC electric signal to drive the motor. Additional electronics control the inverter output amplitude and waveform (and therefore percent of DC bus usage/efficiency) and frequency (i.e. rotor speed). Because the controller must direct the rotor rotation, the controller requires some means of determining the rotor's orientation/position (relative to the stator coils). Some designs use
Hall effect sensors or a rotary encoder to directly measure the rotor's position, others measure the
back EMF in the undriven coils to infer the rotor position, eliminating the need for separate Hall effect sensors, and therefore are often called sensorless controllers.
The following explanation is taken from "
AVR443: Sensor-based control of three phase Brushless DC motor" sheet.
Theory of operation: A three phase BLDC consists of a Stator with a number of coils. The fundamental three phase BLDC motor has three coils. Usually the three coils are referred to as U, V and W. In many motors the fundamental number of coils are replicated to have smaller rotation steps and smaller torque ripple. The rotor in a BLDC motor consists of an even number of permanent magnets. To simplify the explanation of how to operate a three-phase BLDC motor a fundamental BLDC with only three coils is considered. To make the motor rotate the coils are energized (or “activated”) in a predefined sequence, making the motor turn in one direction, say clockwise. Running the sequence in reverse order the motor run in the opposite direction. The direction of the current determines the orientation of the magnetic field generated by the coil. The magnetic field attracts and rejects the permanent magnets of the rotor. By changing the current flow in the coils and thereby the polarity of the magnetic fields at the right moment – and in the right sequence – the motor rotates. Alternation of the current flow through the coils to make the rotor turn is referred to as commutation. A three-phase BLDC motor has six states of commutation. When all six states in the commutation sequence have been performed the sequence is repeated to continue the rotation. The sequence represents a full electrical rotation. For motors with multiple poles the electrical rotation does not correspond to a mechanical rotation. A four-pole BLDC motor uses two electrical rotation cycles to per mechanical rotation. When specifying the number of Rotations Per Minute subsequently, the number of electrical rotations is referred to unless otherwise mentioned. The most elementary commutation driving method used for BLDC motors is an on-off scheme: A coil is either conducting (in one or the other direction) or not conducting. The strength of the magnetic field determines the torque and speed of the motor. For BLDC motors the commutation control is handled by electronics. The simplest way to control the commutation is to commutate according the outputs from a set of position sensors inside the motor. Usually Hall sensors are used, but even back EMF can be used to detect the stator position. A common commutation is the one represented by the image below.
For this project, I've implemented
a simple brushless sensored motor driver for AVR Atmega. The code i propose it's not perfect, and can be improved, but for the needs i had it works.
Using this library, the motor can be
controlled in speed and direction (clockwise and anti-clockwise).
The running step for the motor are defined as default, anyway user can change it to fit any motor. Below you can find the commutation sequence (for clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation) i've used:
User has to setup the port used to read the hall sensor, and the port to control the FET status. Also the timer interrupt and prescaler should be setup for different running frequency.
A sample main routine is provided to help you understand how the library works.
To test this project i've used a brushless motor taken from a cd-rom, it is connected to a LM339 voltage compartor to build an encloder. You can find connection circuit below.
The power drive stage for the brushless motor is build using IRF640 mosfet and IR2101 high and low side driver. The complete schematics below:
Note that even a back EMF wiring are present there, if you just want to use hall sensor you can skip those connections. Also an external crystal is connected just to test the circuit at 16Mhz, even if tests are done at 8Mhz.
Setup parameters are contained in bldcsensored.h
This library was developed on Eclipse, built with avr-gcc on Atmega8 @ 8MHz.
Code
Notes
- read risk disclaimer
- excuse my bad english
